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Handbook of Lung Targeted Drug Delivery Systems : Recent Trends and Clinical Evidences.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Milton : Taylor & Francis Group, 2021Copyright date: �2022Description: 1 online resource (693 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781000450804
Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Handbook of Lung Targeted Drug Delivery SystemsOnline resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Introduction to Lung Physiology from a Drug Delivery Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Brief Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanoparticle Mediated Drug Delivery -- 1.1.2 The Inhalation Route -- 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Lungs -- 1.3 Nanoparticle-based Systems for Pulmonary Application -- 1.4 Treatment of Chronic Diseases Through the Pulmonary Route -- References -- 2. Introduction to Pharmacology of the Lung from a Drug Delivery Perspective -- 2.1 The Respiratory Tract: An Overview -- 2.1.1 The Conducting Zone -- 2.1.2 The Respiratory Zone -- 2.2 Respiratory Pathology -- 2.2.1 Asthma Overview -- 2.2.1.1 Classifications and Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.2 Chronic Bronchitis Overview -- 2.2.2.1 Chronic Bronchitis Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overview -- 2.2.3.1 COPD Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.4 Cystic Fibrosis Overview -- 2.2.4.1 Cystic Fibrosis Goals of Treatment -- 2.3 Respiratory Drug Delivery Mechanisms -- 2.3.1 Therapeutic Administrations of Inhaled Medications -- 2.3.2 Inhaler Devices -- 2.3.2.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler -- 2.3.2.2 Dry Powder Inhaler -- 2.3.2.3 Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler -- 2.3.2.4 Nebulizers -- 2.3.4 Patient Education -- 2.4 Overview of Inhaled Therapies -- 2.4.1 (Sb(B2 Adrenergic Agonists -- 2.4.1.1 (Sb(B2 Adrenergic Agonists Subtypes: SABA and LABA -- 2.4.1.2 (Sb(B2 Adrenergic Agonists Side Effects -- 2.4.2 Corticosteroids -- 2.4.2.1 Corticosteroids Side Effects -- 2.4.3 Anti-cholinergic Agents -- 2.4.3.1 Anti-cholinergic Side Effects -- 2.5 Overview of Oral Therapies -- 2.5.1 Mucolytics/Expectorants -- 2.5.1.1 Mucolytics/Expectorants Side Effects -- 2.5.2 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitors.
2.5.2.1 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitor Side Effects -- 2.5.3 Macrolides -- 2.5.3.1 Macrolide Side Effects -- 2.5.4 Leukotriene Modifiers -- 2.5.4.1 Leukotriene Modifier Side Effects -- 2.6 Recommended Therapies for Asthma and COPD Management -- 2.6.1 Asthma -- 2.6.2 COPD -- 2.7 Systemic Drug Delivery via the Lungs -- References -- 3. Mechanism and Ways of Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Drug Permeation into the Lungs -- 3.3 Deposition of Aerosol Particles in the Respiratory Airways -- 3.3.1 Mechanisms of Particle Deposition in the Respiratory Airways -- 3.3.1.1 Inertial Impaction -- 3.3.1.2 Sedimentation -- 3.3.1.3 Brownian Diffusion -- 3.3.2 Factors Affecting Particle Deposition -- 3.3.3 Effect of Particle Size -- 3.1 Respiratory Clearance of Inhaled Particles -- 3.4.1 Mucociliary Clearance -- 3.4.2 Alveolar Clearance -- 3.5 Ways of Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 3.5.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers -- 3.5.2 Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) -- 3.5.3 Nebulizers -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Transepithelial Route of Drug Delivery through the Pulmonary System -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Macrostructure of Lungs -- 4.3 Drug Targeting: Anatomical Sites -- 4.3.1 Anatomical Barriers to Drug Flow -- 4.4 Drug Deposition: Mechanism -- 4.4.1 Physiological Factors Affecting Deposition -- 4.4.1.1 Effect of Diseased State on Drug Deposition -- 4.5 Levels of Clearance -- 4.5.1 The Mechanism to Overcome Pulmonary Clearance -- 4.6 Airway Cells, Pulmonary Circulation, and Receptors: Importance and Function -- 4.6.1 Airway Cells -- 4.6.2 Airway Receptors -- 4.6.3 Effect of Blood Circulation on Drug Delivery -- 4.7 Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Dissolution, Metabolism, Absorption, and Clearance -- 4.7.1 Pulmonary Dissolution -- 4.7.2 Pulmonary Absorption -- 4.7.3 Mucociliary Clearance -- 4.7.4 Pulmonary Retention.
4.8 Affect of Lung Physiology and Pathophysiology on Drug Absorption -- 4.8.1 Pharmacokinetics of Nasal Drug Delivery -- 4.8.2 Pharmacokinetic Processes of Oral, Intravenous, and Inhalation Administration -- 4.9 Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Different Molecular Size -- 4.9.1 Smaller Molecules Used to Deliver Drugs through the Pulmonary Route -- 4.9.2 Large Microporous Molecules -- 4.9.3 Pulmonary Delivery of Large Peptides and High Molecular Weight Drugs -- 4.9.3.1 Insulin -- 4.9.3.2 Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH) -- 4.10 Nanocarriers in Pulmonary Delivery of Drugs -- References -- 5. Understanding the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lung and Lung Drug Delivery -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pharmacokinetics of the Lung and Lung Drug Delivery -- 5.2.1 Absorption of Drugs in the Lungs -- 5.2.2 Elimination of Drugs in the Lungs -- 5.3 Pharmacodynamics of Lung Drug Delivery: Recent Trends and Clinical Evidence -- 5.3.1 Inhaled Antibiotics -- 5.3.2 Hormones Administered through the Pulmonary Route -- 5.3.2.1 Inhaled Insulins -- 5.3.2.2 Inhaled Growth Hormone -- 5.3.3 Inhaled Corticosteroids -- References -- 6. Chronic Lung Diseases: Treatment, Challenges, and Solutions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Types of Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.1.1.1 Asthma -- 6.1.1.1.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.1.1.2 Chronic Bronchitis -- 6.1.1.2.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.1.1.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -- 6.1.1.3.1 Risk Factors -- 6.1.1.3.2 Pathophysiology -- 6.2 Different Treatment Strategies of Chronic Lung Diseases along with Their Pharmacology -- 6.2.1 Current Treatment Strategy for Lung Diseases -- 6.2.1.1 Treatment of Chronic Asthma (26-28) -- 6.2.1.2 Current Treatment Strategy of Bronchitis (29,30) -- 6.2.1.3 Current Treatment Strategy of COPD (31-34) -- 6.2.2 Bioactive Compounds -- 6.2.2.1 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Asthma (36,37).
6.2.2.2 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis (38, 39) -- 6.2.2.3 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of COPD (40, 41) -- 6.3 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems for Mitigating Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.3.1 Material Based -- 6.3.1.1 Multifunctional Nanocarriers -- 6.3.1.2 Hydrogels -- 6.3.1.3 Micelle -- 6.3.1.4 Dendrimer -- 6.3.1.5 Liposomes -- 6.4.2 Administration Based -- 6.4.2.1 Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 6.4.2.2 Inhalation Delivery -- 6.4.2.3 Systematic Delivery -- 6.4.3 Different Drug Delivery Systems for Different Categories of Patients -- 6.4.3.1 Elderly Patients -- 6.4.3.2 Pregnant Patients -- 6.4.3.3 Obese Patients -- 6.4 Recent Development in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Mitigating Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.5 Challenges and Solutions -- 6.5.1 Asthma -- 6.5.2 Bronchial Disorders -- 6.5.3 COPD -- 6.6 Future Prospects -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Understanding of Lung Diseases with a Focus on Applications of Nano-particulate Drug Delivery Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Lung Diseases: A Brief Insight -- 7.2.1 Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD) -- 7.2.2 Restrictive Lung Disease (RLD) -- 7.2.3 Pleural Lung Disease -- 7.2.4 Vascular Lung Disease -- 7.3 Management and Treatment of Lung Diseases -- 7.3.1 Pharmacological Approaches to Treating Lung Diseases -- 7.3.1.1 Bronchodilators -- 7.3.1.1.1 Beta-2 Agonists -- 7.3.1.1.2 Anti-muscarinic Drugs -- 7.3.1.1.3 Methylxanthines -- 7.3.1.1.4 Combination Bronchodilator Therapy -- 7.3.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory Agents -- 7.3.1.2.1 Corticosteroids -- 7.3.1.2.2 Phosphodiesterase-4-Inhibitors (PDE4 Inhibitors) -- 7.3.1.2.3 Antibiotics -- 7.3.1.2.4 Leukotriene Modulators -- 7.3.1.2.5 Antioxidants -- 7.3.1.3 Vaccinations -- 7.3.1.4 Nicotine Replacement Therapy -- 7.3.2 Non-pharmacological Approach.
7.3.2.1 Oxygen Therapy and Ventilatory Support -- 7.3.2.1.1 Oxygen Therapy -- 7.3.2.1.2 Ventilatory Support -- 7.3.2.2 Surgical Interventions -- 7.3.2.2.1 Lung Volume Reduction Surgery -- 7.3.2.2.2 Bullectomy -- 7.3.2.2.3 Lung Transplantation -- 7.3.2.2.4 Bronchoscopic Interventions -- 7.3.2.3 Education and Self-Management -- 7.3.2.4 Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs -- 7.3.2.5 Exercise Training -- 7.3.2.6 Self-Management Education -- 7.3.2.7 Palliative Care -- 7.4 Application of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Diseases -- 7.4.1 Characteristics of Pulmonary Nano-Drug Delivery -- 7.4.1.1 Pulmonary Distribution of Drug -- 7.4.1.2 Improved Solubility/Dissolution Rate -- 7.4.1.3 Sustained Release Properties -- 7.4.1.4 Delivery of Macromolecules -- 7.4.1.5 Internalization by Cells -- 7.4.2 Fate of Nanocarriers in the Lungs -- 7.4.3 Strategies to Overcome Clearance of Nanocarriers -- 7.4.4 Nano-Formulation for Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.4.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.2 Antigenic Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.4 Depots -- 7.4.4.1.5 Pressure Sensitive Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs) -- 7.4.4.2 Vesicular Nano-Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.4.4.2.1 Liposomes -- 7.4.4.2.2 Nanoemulsions -- 7.4.4.3 Advantage of Particulate Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8. Model for Pharmaceutical aerosol transport through stenosis airway -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Numerical Method -- 8.3 Geometrical Development -- 8.4 Grid Generation and Validation -- 8.5 Results and Discussion -- 8.5.1 Effects of Aging Cases -- 8.5.1.1 Airflow Analysis -- 8.5.1.1.1 Velocity Profiles -- 8.5.1.1.2 Velocity Contours -- 8.5.1.2 Pressure Drop -- 8.5.1.2.1 Pressure Distribution -- 8.5.1.2.2 Pressure Contours -- 8.5.1.3 Wall Shear -- 8.5.1.4 Turbulent Intensity -- 8.5.1.5 Particle Transport.
8.5.1.5.1 Deposition Efficiency.
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Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Introduction to Lung Physiology from a Drug Delivery Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Brief Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanoparticle Mediated Drug Delivery -- 1.1.2 The Inhalation Route -- 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Lungs -- 1.3 Nanoparticle-based Systems for Pulmonary Application -- 1.4 Treatment of Chronic Diseases Through the Pulmonary Route -- References -- 2. Introduction to Pharmacology of the Lung from a Drug Delivery Perspective -- 2.1 The Respiratory Tract: An Overview -- 2.1.1 The Conducting Zone -- 2.1.2 The Respiratory Zone -- 2.2 Respiratory Pathology -- 2.2.1 Asthma Overview -- 2.2.1.1 Classifications and Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.2 Chronic Bronchitis Overview -- 2.2.2.1 Chronic Bronchitis Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overview -- 2.2.3.1 COPD Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.4 Cystic Fibrosis Overview -- 2.2.4.1 Cystic Fibrosis Goals of Treatment -- 2.3 Respiratory Drug Delivery Mechanisms -- 2.3.1 Therapeutic Administrations of Inhaled Medications -- 2.3.2 Inhaler Devices -- 2.3.2.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler -- 2.3.2.2 Dry Powder Inhaler -- 2.3.2.3 Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler -- 2.3.2.4 Nebulizers -- 2.3.4 Patient Education -- 2.4 Overview of Inhaled Therapies -- 2.4.1 (Sb(B2 Adrenergic Agonists -- 2.4.1.1 (Sb(B2 Adrenergic Agonists Subtypes: SABA and LABA -- 2.4.1.2 (Sb(B2 Adrenergic Agonists Side Effects -- 2.4.2 Corticosteroids -- 2.4.2.1 Corticosteroids Side Effects -- 2.4.3 Anti-cholinergic Agents -- 2.4.3.1 Anti-cholinergic Side Effects -- 2.5 Overview of Oral Therapies -- 2.5.1 Mucolytics/Expectorants -- 2.5.1.1 Mucolytics/Expectorants Side Effects -- 2.5.2 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitors.

2.5.2.1 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitor Side Effects -- 2.5.3 Macrolides -- 2.5.3.1 Macrolide Side Effects -- 2.5.4 Leukotriene Modifiers -- 2.5.4.1 Leukotriene Modifier Side Effects -- 2.6 Recommended Therapies for Asthma and COPD Management -- 2.6.1 Asthma -- 2.6.2 COPD -- 2.7 Systemic Drug Delivery via the Lungs -- References -- 3. Mechanism and Ways of Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Drug Permeation into the Lungs -- 3.3 Deposition of Aerosol Particles in the Respiratory Airways -- 3.3.1 Mechanisms of Particle Deposition in the Respiratory Airways -- 3.3.1.1 Inertial Impaction -- 3.3.1.2 Sedimentation -- 3.3.1.3 Brownian Diffusion -- 3.3.2 Factors Affecting Particle Deposition -- 3.3.3 Effect of Particle Size -- 3.1 Respiratory Clearance of Inhaled Particles -- 3.4.1 Mucociliary Clearance -- 3.4.2 Alveolar Clearance -- 3.5 Ways of Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 3.5.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers -- 3.5.2 Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) -- 3.5.3 Nebulizers -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Transepithelial Route of Drug Delivery through the Pulmonary System -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Macrostructure of Lungs -- 4.3 Drug Targeting: Anatomical Sites -- 4.3.1 Anatomical Barriers to Drug Flow -- 4.4 Drug Deposition: Mechanism -- 4.4.1 Physiological Factors Affecting Deposition -- 4.4.1.1 Effect of Diseased State on Drug Deposition -- 4.5 Levels of Clearance -- 4.5.1 The Mechanism to Overcome Pulmonary Clearance -- 4.6 Airway Cells, Pulmonary Circulation, and Receptors: Importance and Function -- 4.6.1 Airway Cells -- 4.6.2 Airway Receptors -- 4.6.3 Effect of Blood Circulation on Drug Delivery -- 4.7 Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Dissolution, Metabolism, Absorption, and Clearance -- 4.7.1 Pulmonary Dissolution -- 4.7.2 Pulmonary Absorption -- 4.7.3 Mucociliary Clearance -- 4.7.4 Pulmonary Retention.

4.8 Affect of Lung Physiology and Pathophysiology on Drug Absorption -- 4.8.1 Pharmacokinetics of Nasal Drug Delivery -- 4.8.2 Pharmacokinetic Processes of Oral, Intravenous, and Inhalation Administration -- 4.9 Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Different Molecular Size -- 4.9.1 Smaller Molecules Used to Deliver Drugs through the Pulmonary Route -- 4.9.2 Large Microporous Molecules -- 4.9.3 Pulmonary Delivery of Large Peptides and High Molecular Weight Drugs -- 4.9.3.1 Insulin -- 4.9.3.2 Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH) -- 4.10 Nanocarriers in Pulmonary Delivery of Drugs -- References -- 5. Understanding the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lung and Lung Drug Delivery -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pharmacokinetics of the Lung and Lung Drug Delivery -- 5.2.1 Absorption of Drugs in the Lungs -- 5.2.2 Elimination of Drugs in the Lungs -- 5.3 Pharmacodynamics of Lung Drug Delivery: Recent Trends and Clinical Evidence -- 5.3.1 Inhaled Antibiotics -- 5.3.2 Hormones Administered through the Pulmonary Route -- 5.3.2.1 Inhaled Insulins -- 5.3.2.2 Inhaled Growth Hormone -- 5.3.3 Inhaled Corticosteroids -- References -- 6. Chronic Lung Diseases: Treatment, Challenges, and Solutions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Types of Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.1.1.1 Asthma -- 6.1.1.1.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.1.1.2 Chronic Bronchitis -- 6.1.1.2.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.1.1.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -- 6.1.1.3.1 Risk Factors -- 6.1.1.3.2 Pathophysiology -- 6.2 Different Treatment Strategies of Chronic Lung Diseases along with Their Pharmacology -- 6.2.1 Current Treatment Strategy for Lung Diseases -- 6.2.1.1 Treatment of Chronic Asthma (26-28) -- 6.2.1.2 Current Treatment Strategy of Bronchitis (29,30) -- 6.2.1.3 Current Treatment Strategy of COPD (31-34) -- 6.2.2 Bioactive Compounds -- 6.2.2.1 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Asthma (36,37).

6.2.2.2 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis (38, 39) -- 6.2.2.3 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of COPD (40, 41) -- 6.3 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems for Mitigating Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.3.1 Material Based -- 6.3.1.1 Multifunctional Nanocarriers -- 6.3.1.2 Hydrogels -- 6.3.1.3 Micelle -- 6.3.1.4 Dendrimer -- 6.3.1.5 Liposomes -- 6.4.2 Administration Based -- 6.4.2.1 Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 6.4.2.2 Inhalation Delivery -- 6.4.2.3 Systematic Delivery -- 6.4.3 Different Drug Delivery Systems for Different Categories of Patients -- 6.4.3.1 Elderly Patients -- 6.4.3.2 Pregnant Patients -- 6.4.3.3 Obese Patients -- 6.4 Recent Development in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Mitigating Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.5 Challenges and Solutions -- 6.5.1 Asthma -- 6.5.2 Bronchial Disorders -- 6.5.3 COPD -- 6.6 Future Prospects -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Understanding of Lung Diseases with a Focus on Applications of Nano-particulate Drug Delivery Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Lung Diseases: A Brief Insight -- 7.2.1 Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD) -- 7.2.2 Restrictive Lung Disease (RLD) -- 7.2.3 Pleural Lung Disease -- 7.2.4 Vascular Lung Disease -- 7.3 Management and Treatment of Lung Diseases -- 7.3.1 Pharmacological Approaches to Treating Lung Diseases -- 7.3.1.1 Bronchodilators -- 7.3.1.1.1 Beta-2 Agonists -- 7.3.1.1.2 Anti-muscarinic Drugs -- 7.3.1.1.3 Methylxanthines -- 7.3.1.1.4 Combination Bronchodilator Therapy -- 7.3.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory Agents -- 7.3.1.2.1 Corticosteroids -- 7.3.1.2.2 Phosphodiesterase-4-Inhibitors (PDE4 Inhibitors) -- 7.3.1.2.3 Antibiotics -- 7.3.1.2.4 Leukotriene Modulators -- 7.3.1.2.5 Antioxidants -- 7.3.1.3 Vaccinations -- 7.3.1.4 Nicotine Replacement Therapy -- 7.3.2 Non-pharmacological Approach.

7.3.2.1 Oxygen Therapy and Ventilatory Support -- 7.3.2.1.1 Oxygen Therapy -- 7.3.2.1.2 Ventilatory Support -- 7.3.2.2 Surgical Interventions -- 7.3.2.2.1 Lung Volume Reduction Surgery -- 7.3.2.2.2 Bullectomy -- 7.3.2.2.3 Lung Transplantation -- 7.3.2.2.4 Bronchoscopic Interventions -- 7.3.2.3 Education and Self-Management -- 7.3.2.4 Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs -- 7.3.2.5 Exercise Training -- 7.3.2.6 Self-Management Education -- 7.3.2.7 Palliative Care -- 7.4 Application of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Diseases -- 7.4.1 Characteristics of Pulmonary Nano-Drug Delivery -- 7.4.1.1 Pulmonary Distribution of Drug -- 7.4.1.2 Improved Solubility/Dissolution Rate -- 7.4.1.3 Sustained Release Properties -- 7.4.1.4 Delivery of Macromolecules -- 7.4.1.5 Internalization by Cells -- 7.4.2 Fate of Nanocarriers in the Lungs -- 7.4.3 Strategies to Overcome Clearance of Nanocarriers -- 7.4.4 Nano-Formulation for Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.4.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.2 Antigenic Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.4 Depots -- 7.4.4.1.5 Pressure Sensitive Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs) -- 7.4.4.2 Vesicular Nano-Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.4.4.2.1 Liposomes -- 7.4.4.2.2 Nanoemulsions -- 7.4.4.3 Advantage of Particulate Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8. Model for Pharmaceutical aerosol transport through stenosis airway -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Numerical Method -- 8.3 Geometrical Development -- 8.4 Grid Generation and Validation -- 8.5 Results and Discussion -- 8.5.1 Effects of Aging Cases -- 8.5.1.1 Airflow Analysis -- 8.5.1.1.1 Velocity Profiles -- 8.5.1.1.2 Velocity Contours -- 8.5.1.2 Pressure Drop -- 8.5.1.2.1 Pressure Distribution -- 8.5.1.2.2 Pressure Contours -- 8.5.1.3 Wall Shear -- 8.5.1.4 Turbulent Intensity -- 8.5.1.5 Particle Transport.

8.5.1.5.1 Deposition Efficiency.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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